Opinion; Subjects: IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF), ARBITRARY DETENTION; [WGAD: UNO-Arbeitsgruppe über willkürliche Inhaftierung, willkürliche Haft; Groupe de travail sur la détention arbitraire; Gruppo di lavoro sulla detenzione arbitraria]
Volltext (verifizierbarer Originaltext)
GE.14-10301
*1410301*
Human Rights Council
Working Group on Arbitrary Detention
Opinions adopted by the Working Group on Arbitrary
Detention at its sixty-seventh session, 26–30 August 2013
No. 18/2013 (Islamic Republic of Iran)
Communication addressed to the Government on 21 June 2013
Concerning Saeed Abedinigalangashi
The Government has not replied to the communication.
The State is a party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
1.
The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention was established in resolution 1991/42 of
the former Commission on Human Rights, which extended and clarified the Working
Group’s mandate in its resolution 1997/50. The Human Rights Council assumed the
mandate in its decision 2006/102 and extended it for a three-year period in its
resolution 15/18 of 30 September 2010. In accordance with its methods of work
(A/HRC/16/47, annex, and Corr.1), the Working Group transmitted the above-mentioned
communication to the Government.
2.
The Working Group regards deprivation of liberty as arbitrary in the following
cases:
(a)
When it is clearly impossible to invoke any legal basis justifying the
deprivation of liberty (as when a person is kept in detention after the completion of his or
her sentence or despite an amnesty law applicable to the detainee) (category I);
(b)
When the deprivation of liberty results from the exercise of the rights or
freedoms guaranteed by articles 7, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20 and 21 of the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights and, insofar as States parties are concerned, by articles 12, 18, 19, 21, 22,
25, 26 and 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (category II);
(c)
When the total or partial non-observance of the international norms relating
to the right to a fair trial, established in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in
the relevant international instruments accepted by the States concerned, is of such gravity
as to give the deprivation of liberty an arbitrary character (category III);
United Nations
A/HRC/WGAD/2013/18
General Assembly
Distr.: General
14 January 2014
Original: English
A/HRC/WGAD/2013/18
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(d)
When asylum seekers, immigrants or refugees are subjected to prolonged
administrative custody without the possibility of administrative or judicial review or
remedy (category IV);
(e)
When the deprivation of liberty constitutes a violation of international law for
reasons of discrimination based on birth; national, ethnic or social origin; language;
religion; economic condition; political or other opinion; gender; sexual orientation; or
disability or other status, and which aims towards or can result in ignoring the equality of
human rights (category V).
Submissions
Communication from the source
3.
Saeed Abedinigalangashi (hereinafter Mr. Abedini), 33 years of age, a dual national
of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States of America, is a Christian pastor with
residence in Boise, Idaho, United States of America.
4.
On 28 July 2012, during a visit to Tehran to visit family and to finalize arrangements
for an orphanage he was building in Rasht, Islamic Republic of Iran, Mr. Abedini was taken
off a bus at the border between Turkey and the Islamic Republic of Iran as he was lawfully
entering the country. The bus was stopped by individuals who reportedly identified
themselves as members of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps. The source reports that
the Revolutionary Guard Corps detained Mr. Abedini, informing him that he must face
criminal charges because of his Christian faith. After intense interrogations, Mr. Abedini
was placed under house arrest at his parents’ home in Tehran. He was told to wait for a
court summons.
5.
On 26 September 2012, Mr. Abedini received a summons informing him where to
make an appearance. Five members of the Revolutionary Guard Corps reportedly raided his
parents’ home in Tehran and confiscated many of his belongings. They instructed
Mr. Abedini to pack a bag, then proceeded to take him to an unknown location. After four
days with no information on his whereabouts, Mr. Abedini’s family was informed by the
Revolutionary Guard Corps that he was being held in solitary confinement in Evin Prison.
6.
Reportedly, no arrest warrant was shown to Mr. Abedini when he was arrested on
28 July 2012. During the 26 September 2012 arrest, a warrant was shown but the arresting
authorities refused to provide Mr. Abedini’s family with a copy. The family was not given
enough time to inspect the warrant to ascertain who the issuing authority was.
7.
Regarding the reasons for the arrest, Mr. Abedini was informed that he had
attempted to undermine the national security of the country (known as “eghdam alayhe
amniate meli” in Farsi) by holding Christian worship services in private homes. The
authorities also stated that by expressing his faith (including sharing his faith with others in
a non-coercive manner), baptising fellow Christian believers and holding religious meetings
outside of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Mr. Abedini had attempted to undermine national
security. Mr. Abedini was sentenced to eight years in prison under the oversight of the
Iranian Prisons Organization.
8.
The source reports that Mr. Abedini’s initial arrest without a warrant was solely for
the exercise of his fundamental freedoms. Additionally, he was denied access to his lawyer
until less than 24 hours before his trial. He finally appeared before a judge on 21 January
2013 to present his defence. Mr. Abedini and his lawyer argued that his intention in
gathering with Christian believers was motivated solely by his faith and that he had no
intention to undermine the Government. The judge presiding in court allegedly requested
Mr. Abedini’s lawyer to go to the media and inform them that the trial was being conducted
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fairly and that Mr. Abedini would be released on bail soon. However, Mr. Abedini’s family
repeatedly sought bail and their requests were never granted.
9.
During the week of his trial, Mr. Abedini was transferred from Ward 209 to
Section 3 of Ward 350 at the request of his lawyer. In Ward 209 Mr. Abedini had been
denied medical treatment relating to infections that allegedly had resulted from several
beatings. The ward doctor and nurse allegedly refused to treat him because as a Christian he
was considered “unclean and an infidel”. Mr. Abedini’s family in Tehran was allowed to
visit him on Mondays but he was not permitted to make telephone calls, which prevented
him from contacting his wife and two young children in the United States.
10.
On the second day of Mr. Abedini’s trial, he and his lawyer were reportedly barred
from the courtroom while the witnesses, including acquaintances and lay ministers
(religious leaders), were questioned. One witness was reportedly asked about his
association with Mr. Abedini, the current status of Christian churches, the individual’s
conversion to Christianity and how Mr. Abedini funded his travels and the orphanage he
was building.
11.
On 27 January 2013, one week after Mr. Abedini had presented his defence, he was
convicted and sentenced. The court relied heavily on his activities with the Christian house
churches between 2000 and 2005. A written verdict was reportedly not issued and
Mr. Abedini’s lawyer was told that he had 20 days to appeal the verdict.
12.
On 4 February 2013, Mr. Abedini’s lawyer filed an appeal against the conviction
and sentence. In early April 2013, Mr. Abedini’s appeal was sent to Branch 36 of the
Revolutionary Courts. According to the source, the decision to send the appeal to Branch
36 — one of two appeal branches to which Mr. Abedini’s case could have been sent (the
other being Branch 54) — signified that the authorities were allegedly not willing to give
the case an impartial review. The source alleges that judges of Branch 36 are known to
rubber-stamp decisions and follow directions given by higher authorities. On Sunday,
7 April 2013, Mr. Abedini’s lawyer again attempted to get him released on bail but his
efforts were unsuccessful.
13.
The source raises concerns regarding Mr. Abedini’s welfare and security.
Reportedly, he has been beaten and threatened due to his Christian faith. In a letter written
on 10 January 2013, Mr. Abedini stated that he had been told that he would be hanged for
his faith in Jesus. He also reported that he had received various death threats from his
prison cellmates, who have allegedly threatened to kill him during his sleep.
14.
In late February 2013, it became known that Mr. Abedini was suffering from
internal bleeding, an injury resulting from physical beatings he reportedly endured during
his interrogations. Mr. Abedini was said to have been examined by doctors in early March
2013, at which time it was determined that his injuries warranted immediate medical
attention and that he needed to be transferred to a hospital outside the prison for treatment.
According to the source, the authorities ignored this medical emergency for over a month.
15.
The source reports that, in an attempt to appease international pressure relating to his
case, prison officials took Mr. Abedini to a private hospital in Tehran on 8 April 2013.
Before doing so, however, several guards forced Mr. Abedini to change his prison uniform
and to put on a uniform that was normally issued to prisoners convicted of murder. When
Mr. Abedini resisted, the prison guards reportedly physically abused him, beating him and
kicking him in the stomach and exacerbating the internal bleeding he suffered. They
stripped Mr. Abedini down and forced him to wear the offending uniform. When
Mr. Abedini arrived at the hospital, he was reportedly paraded around the facilities and was
not admitted or treated because, according to the guards, no doctors or staff were present.
Mr. Abedini was then returned to prison without being given the medical treatment he
required.
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16.
Mr. Abedini was allegedly recently placed in solitary confinement for 10 days.
Before being taken to solitary confinement, he complained of pain in his kidneys. He and
several other prisoners in Ward 350 wrote a letter to prison officials in peaceful protest of
their lack of access to medical care. In response to the letter, the Iranian officials reportedly
chose 10 prisoners to place in solitary confinement, Mr. Abedini among them. Although
Mr. Abedini was returned to the general prison population, he is still being denied
necessary life-saving medical treatment.
17.
In the light of the alleged human rights violations suffered by Mr. Abedini, the
source submits that the Iranian Constitution provides protection for religious minorities and
that it also prohibits the Government from punishing an individual for simply holding a
certain religious belief, stating that “the investigation of individuals’ beliefs is forbidden
and no one may be molested or taken to task simply for holding a certain belief”. Moreover,
article 38 states: “Any kind of torture used to extract an admission of guilt or to obtain
information is forbidden. Compelling people to give evidence, or confess or take an oath is
not allowed. Such evidence or confession or oath is null and void.”
18.
The source further points out that the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights states, in paragraph 9, that “everyone has the right to liberty and security of person.
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention.” The Covenant also identifies a
number of procedural rights to which the accused is entitled, including the right to have
adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defence, and to be tried in his
presence (art. 14). Most importantly, the Covenant guarantees, in article 14, that “all
persons shall be equal before the courts and tribunals. In the determination of any criminal
charge against him, or of his rights and obligations in a suit at law, everyone shall be
entitled to a fair and public hearing by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal
established by law…Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall have the right to be
presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law.”
19.
The source submits that the Covenant also provides, in article 19, that “everyone
shall have the right to hold opinions without interference” and that “everyone shall have the
right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart
information and ideas of all kinds”. Such rights necessarily apply to religion, as provided
for in article 18 of the Covenant. Moreover, the Covenant requires States to provide special
protection to religious minorities. In those States in which ethnic, religious or linguistic
minorities exist, persons belonging to such minorities shall not be denied the right, in
community with the other members of their group, to enjoy their own culture, to profess
and practice their own religion, or to use their own language (art. 27 of the Covenant).
20.
According to the source, because Christianity is a minority religion in the Islamic
Republic of Iran, Mr. Abedini deserves to be protected in accordance with the stipulations
in the Iranian Constitution and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. By
denying him his right to equal treatment under the law and his right to peacefully express
his religious beliefs, the authorities have explicitly violated their obligations under the
Covenant. Furthermore, due to his involvement in establishing an orphanage and
encouraging the development of Christian house churches in the country, the authorities
have arbitrarily deprived Mr. Abedini of his liberty and subjected him to inhuman
treatment. The source submits that Mr. Abedini has been specifically targeted precisely for
his religious expression, which is a violation of the special protections provided to religious
minorities under article 27 of the Covenant.
21.
The source submits that the violations suffered by Mr. Abedini, such as being unable
to meet with his attorney until only hours before the trial began and their exclusion from the
entire second day of his trial, have prevented Mr. Abedini from effectively formulating his
legal defence. The source also informs the Working Group that a court administrator in the
revolutionary courts intimidated and threatened those who attempted to assist Mr. Abedini
A/HRC/WGAD/2013/18
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with procuring bail. The source stresses that due to the existing problems, Mr. Abedini’s
trial falls short of satisfying the fundamental procedural rights set out under the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Furthermore, human rights violations
have occurred at every phase of the criminal procedure, from arbitrary pretrial detention
and the use of severe and abusive interrogations to a binding court decision issued by a
judge who the source alleges to be biased. The source points to these substantive violations,
specifically highlighting the infringements of Mr. Abedini’s rights to freedom of
expression, freedom of religion, freedom of peaceful assembly and freedom from inhuman
treatment and torture.
Response from the Government
22.
The Working Group regrets that the Government has not responded to the
allegations transmitted by the Group on 21 June 2013.
23.
Despite the absence of any information from the Government, the Working Group
considers that it is in a position to render its opinion on the detention of Mr. Abedini in
conformity with paragraph 16 of its methods of work.
Discussion
24.
The Working Group recalls that the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human
rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or
belief have expressed concern over the situation of religious minorities, including
Christians, in the Islamic Republic of Iran.1 The Special Rapporteur on the situation of
human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran stressed that the arrest and prosecution of
individuals for religious affiliation ran counter to the protection of minority religions in the
Iranian Constitution and constituted a violation of the State’s obligations under the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, in particular to respect freedom of
religion and belief and freedom of expression and association.2 The experts emphasized that
no individual should be arrested for peacefully exercising the rights to freedom of religion
and belief and to freedom of expression and association. According to the Special
Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, the Islamic Republic of Iran should ensure that
the right of Christians, as a group, to freedom of religion is granted in practice.3
25.
The Human Rights Committee, in paragraph 1 of its general comment No. 22
(1993), emphasized that the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion (which
includes the freedom to hold beliefs) in article 18, paragraph 1, of the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is far-reaching and profound; it encompasses
freedom of thought on all matters, personal conviction and the commitment to religion or
belief, whether manifested individually or in community with others.
26.
In another case concerning the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Working Group stressed
that the detention of persons solely because of the practice of their religious faith is a
violation of the freedom of religion, which is a fundamental right recognized both in the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights.4
1 See “UN experts on Iran and freedom of religion concerned over situation of religious minorities
in the country”, Geneva, 20 September 2012. Available from
www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=12551&LangID=E.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 Opinion No. 39/2008 (Islamic Republic of Iran), adopted on 24 November 2008, para. 17.
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27.
The Working Group considers that in the case under consideration Mr. Abedini has
been deprived of his liberty for peacefully exercising the rights to freedom of religion,
belief and association, as guaranteed under article 19 of the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights, and articles 18 (para. 1) and 19 (para. 2) of the International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights. Thus, the deprivation of liberty of Mr. Abedini falls within
category II of the arbitrary detention categories referred to by the Working Group when
considering cases submitted to it.
28.
The Working Group also considers that in this case Mr. Abedini has been deprived
of his liberty for being a practising Christian, which amounts to discrimination based on
religion, in violation of articles 2 and 7 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as
well as articles 18 and 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Thus,
the deprivation of liberty of Mr. Abedini falls within category V of the arbitrary detention
categories referred to by the Working Group when considering cases submitted to it.
29.
The Government has also chosen not to rebut the allegations of the violation of
Mr. Abedini’s right to a fair trial as guaranteed under article 14 of the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 10 of the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights.
30.
Such allegations include that, in violation of article 14, paragraph 3 (b), of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which guarantees the right of the
accused to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defence and to
communicate with counsel of his own choosing, Mr. Abedini was denied access to his
lawyer until less than 24 hours before the commencement of the trial.
31.
Furthermore, in violation of article 14, paragraph 3 (d) and (e), of the Covenant, on
the second day of the trial, Mr. Abedini and his lawyer were barred from the courtroom
while the witnesses, including acquaintances and lay ministers (religious leaders), testified.
32.
The Working Group considers that the non-observance of the international norms
relating to the right to a fair trial in this case, namely article 10 of the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights and article 14, paragraph 3 (b), (d) and (e), of the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights, is of such gravity as to give the deprivation of liberty of
Mr. Abedini an arbitrary character. Thus the deprivation of liberty of Mr. Abedini falls
within category III of the arbitrary detention categories referred to by the Working Group
when considering cases submitted to it.
Disposition
33.
In the light of the foregoing, the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention renders the
following opinion:
The deprivation of liberty of Mr. Abedini has been arbitrary, being in contravention
of articles 2, 7, 10 and 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and articles
14 (para. 3), 18 (para. 1), 19 (para. 2) and 26 of the International Covenant on Civil
and Political Rights; it falls within categories II, III and V of the arbitrary detention
categories referred to by the Working Group when considering cases submitted to it.
34.
Consequent upon the opinion rendered, the Working Group requests the
Government to take the necessary steps to remedy the situation of Mr. Abedini and bring it
into conformity with the standards and principles set forth in the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
35.
The Working Group is of the opinion that, taking into account all the circumstances
of the case, the adequate remedy would be to release Mr. Abedini and accord him an
enforceable right to compensation in accordance with article 9, paragraph 5, of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
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36.
In accordance with article 33 (a) of its revised methods of work, the Working Group
considers it appropriate to refer the allegations of torture to the Special Rapporteur on
torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment for appropriate
action.
[Adopted on 26 August 2013]