Opinion; Subjects: SRI LANKA, ARBITRARY DETENTION; [WGAD: UNO-Arbeitsgruppe über willkürliche Inhaftierung, willkürliche Haft; Groupe de travail sur la détention arbitraire; Gruppo di lavoro sulla detenzione arbitraria]
Volltext (verifizierbarer Originaltext)
GE.12-18279
Human Rights Council
Working Group on Arbitrary Detention
Opinions adopted by the Working Group on Arbitrary
Detention at its sixty-fourth session, 27-31 August 2012
No. 26/2012 (Sri Lanka)
Communication addressed to the Government on 22 February 2012
Concerning Pathmanathan Balasingam and Vijiyanthan Seevaratnam
The Government replied to the communication on 7 May 2012.
The State is a party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
1.
The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention was established in resolution 1991/42 of
the former Commission on Human Rights, which extended and clarified the Working
Group’s mandate in its resolution 1997/50. The Human Rights Council assumed the
mandate in its decision 2006/102 and extended it for a three-year period in its resolution
15/18 of 30 September 2010. In accordance with its methods of work (A/HRC/16/47,
annex, and Corr.1), the Working Group transmitted the above-mentioned communication to
the Government.
2.
The Working Group regards deprivation of liberty as arbitrary in the following
cases:
(a)
When it is clearly impossible to invoke any legal basis justifying the
deprivation of liberty (as when a person is kept in detention after the completion of his or
her sentence or despite an amnesty law applicable to the detainee) (category I);
(b)
When the deprivation of liberty results from the exercise of the rights or
freedoms guaranteed by articles 7, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20 and 21 of the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights and, insofar as States parties are concerned, by articles 12, 18, 19, 21, 22,
25, 26 and 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (category II);
(c)
When the total or partial non-observance of the international norms relating
to the right to a fair trial, established in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in
the relevant international instruments accepted by the States concerned, is of such gravity
as to give the deprivation of liberty an arbitrary character (category III);
United Nations
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General Assembly
Distr.: General
23 November 2012
Original: English
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(d)
When asylum seekers, immigrants or refugees are subjected to prolonged
administrative custody without the possibility of administrative or judicial review or
remedy (category IV);
(e)
When the deprivation of liberty constitutes a violation of international law for
reasons of discrimination based on birth; national, ethnic or social origin; language;
religion; economic condition; political or other opinion; gender; sexual orientation; or
disability or other status, and which aims towards or can result in ignoring the equality of
human rights (category V).
Submissions
Communication from the source
3.
Pathmanathan Balasingam, born in 1973, a national of Sri Lanka and former
member of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), usually residing in Vavuniya, Sri
Lanka, is a mason.
4.
Vijiyanthan Seevaratnam, born in 1988, a national of Sri Lanka and former member
of the LTTE, usually residing in Vavuniya, is a student. He had reportedly been forcibly
recruited by the LTTE on 26 October 2006.
5.
On 16 May 2009, Messrs. Balasingam and Seevaratnam surrendered to the Sri
Lanka Army following an announcement made by the latter.
6.
According to the source, Regulation No. 22, paragraph 2, of the Emergency
(Miscellaneous Provisions and Powers) Regulations 2005, as amended by Emergency
Regulation No. 1462/8 on 12 September 2006 and later in May 2010, provides that anyone
who surrenders in relation to an offence under certain laws, such as the Prevention of
Terrorism Act (PTA) would be considered a surrendee. It further requires such person to
give a written statement that he or she surrendered voluntarily. According to Regulation
No. 22, paragraph 4, within 10 days of the surrender, the officer to whom the person
surrendered is to hand over the surrendee to the Commissioner-General for Rehabilitation.
The latter in turn is to assign the person to a Protective Accommodation and Rehabilitation
Centre. Once the officer to whom the person surrenders informs the Secretary to the
Ministry of Defence of the surrender, the Secretary is to make an order authorizing the
Commissioner-General for Rehabilitation to hold the surrendee for a period not exceeding
12 months at the centre to which he or she is assigned.
7.
Prior to the expiration of this period, three options are available. First, the person
could be released following a review by the Secretary to the Ministry of Defence. Second,
the period of rehabilitation could be extended for a period of three months at a time. In that
case the total period of extension is not to exceed a further 12 months, in compliance with
Regulation No. 22, paragraph 10 (b). Third, investigations can be initiated after three
months of the surrendee being assigned to a rehabilitation centre to ascertain whether the
person committed any offence as stipulated in Regulation No. 22, paragraph 2, and the
person may be charged with an offence pursuant to Regulation No. 22, paragraph 12.
8.
The source also reports that since the lapsing of the state of emergency on 30 August
2011, the Government of Sri Lanka has issued the Prevention of Terrorism (Surrendees
Care and Rehabilitation) Regulations No. 5 of 2011 under section 27 of the Prevention of
Terrorism Act, which empowers the Minister of Defence to make regulations for the
purpose of carrying out or giving effect to the principles and provisions of the Act. These
new regulations reproduce verbatim the lapsed Emergency Regulations on surrendees.
9.
According to the source, Messrs. Balasingam and Seevaratnam were categorized as
surrendees by the Ministry of Defence and placed in a rehabilitation centre in Omanthai on
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the basis of Regulation No. 22. Mr. Balasingam was taken to Joseph Camp in Vavuniya on
18 May 2009, whereas Mr. Seevaratnam remained at the rehabilitation centre in Omanthai
until 30 December 2009.
10.
On 28 May 2009, Mr. Balasingam was transferred to Boosa detention centre in
Galle, where he remained until 2 February 2011. Mr. Seevaratnam was transferred to the
same detention centre on 30 December 2009, where he remained until 11 September 2011.
It was only upon their transfer to Boosa detention centre that Messrs. Balasingam and
Seevaratnam became eligible for access to legal representation. However, until very
recently their families were not able to secure any legal representation due to lack of
financial means and knowledge of the procedure to be followed.
11.
The detention of Messrs. Balasingam and Seevaratnam in Boosa detention centre
was ordered under the Prevention of Terrorism Act, part III, section 9. The source reports
that as at 22 February 2012, Messrs. Balasingam and Seevaratnam had been detained for 21
months, exceeding the maximum period of 18 months in detention provided for in the Act.
12.
Mr. Balasingam and Mr. Seevaratnam were remanded in custody at Colombo
Remand Prison by the Chief Magistrate of Colombo on 2 February 2011 and 11 September
2011, respectively. Their detention was reportedly ordered by the Ministry of Defence
pursuant to section 2 of the Prevention of Terrorism (Detainees and Remandees)
Regulations No. 4 of 29 August 2011. It was only upon the transfer to Colombo Remand
Prison that Mr. Balasingam was allowed family visits. No information is available on the
family visits of Mr. Seevaratnam.
13.
The source reports that only in November 2011 were the families of the two
detainees able to approach a non-governmental organization that provides legal aid.
14.
The source submits that the respective periods of detention of Messrs. Balasingam
and Seevaratnam are arbitrary in character. First, with respect to their detention in a
rehabilitation centre, the source contends that the decision-making authority on the
determination of the period of rehabilitation for surrendees lies entirely with the Secretary
to the Ministry of Defence. The source points out that there is no oversight or review and
courts are not entitled to rule on the lawfulness of the detention, as surrendees are never
produced in court. The source further informs the Working Group that persons held at
rehabilitation centres do not enjoy procedural safeguards, such as the right to legal
representation. Reportedly, the authorities do not recognize the right of persons undergoing
rehabilitation to challenge the legality of such rehabilitation. Messrs. Balasingam and
Seevaratnam were not granted such a right nor were they informed of the charges against
them.
15.
The source further points out that, since Regulation No. 22, paragraph 12, in force
until 30 August 2011, and subsequently Regulation No. 9, paragraph 1, of the Prevention of
Terrorism (Surrendees Care and Rehabilitation) Regulations No. 5 of 2011 do not state the
period within which investigation should be concluded, prosecution could be initiated
against a person at a rehabilitation centre at any time before the conclusion of the
rehabilitation period. According to the source, the surrendee has no certainty regarding his
or her legal position until the termination of the rehabilitation period. If the person is
prosecuted and found guilty, the Court may order an undefined extension of the period of
rehabilitation as part of the sentence pursuant to Regulation No. 9 of 2011, paragraphs 2
and 3 (previously pursuant to Regulation No. 22 of 2005, para. 13).
16.
Finally, the source argues that the Minister of Defence exceeded his authority by
issuing regulations under the Prevention of Terrorism Act. For instance, the Regulations of
29 August 2011 issued under Act provide that a person can be held at a rehabilitation centre
for a maximum period of 24 months, while the maximum period of administrative detention
is 18 months according to the principle act, that is, the Prevention of Terrorism Act. The
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source contends that the Minister of Defence issued regulations that widen the purposes of
the Act and impose onerous restrictions not envisaged in that Act.
17.
According to the information received, Messrs. Balasingam and Seevaratnam
continue to be held in detention and the efforts of their families, including appeals lodged
with the International Committee of the Red Cross and the Human Rights Commission of
Sri Lanka, have been to no avail.
18.
The source emphasizes that after more than two years in detention, Messrs.
Balasingam and Seevaratnam have not yet been charged nor is there any expected date for
their trial. They are regularly being produced before a magistrate for the sole purpose of
extending their remand. Mr. Balasingam has allegedly received a detention order dated 3
November 2011, which states as follows: “the detainee is suspected to be a member of the
LTTE, participated in attacks on security force personnel and aiding and abetting the LTTE
organization to commit unlawful activity”.
Response from the Government
19.
The Working Group sent the Government of Sri Lanka a communication, dated 22
February 2012, requesting it to provide detailed information about the current situation of
Messrs. Balasingam and Seevaratnam and to clarify the legal provisions justifying their
continued detention. In its reply of 17 April 2012, the Government states that it received the
request on 29 February, and required “more time than the stipulated deadline of 22 April
2012 to consult relevant line Ministries and submit an appropriate response”.
20.
On 7 May 2012, the Government provided the following information relating to two
individuals, Balasingham Pathmanathan and Sivaratnam Vijendren. The first individual was
indicted on 1 January 2011 and the date for his next court hearing was 5 August 2012. The
case of the second individual has been under consideration by the Attorney General’s
Department since 25 April 2012 after the completion of the investigation.
21.
The Government in its communication of 7 May 2012 raises questions relating to
the determination of the identity of the two individuals. It provides information relating to
Balasingham Pathmanathan, and the Working Group requested information about
Pathmanathan Balasingam (different order of names and Balasingam spelled without an
‘h’), and about Sivaratnam Vijendren, where the Working Group’s request referred to
Vijiyanthan Seevaratnam (different order of names and different spelling, which may be
phonetically the same).
Discussion
22.
The matter before the Working Group is the detention of Pathmanathan Balasingam
and Vijiyanthan Seevaratnam, who have been detained since 16 May 2009. The
Government’s reply indicates that a court hearing has been scheduled for Balasingham
Pathmanathan on 5 August 2012, and that the case of Sivaratnam Vijendren is “under
consideration by the Hon. Attorney General”.
23.
The Working Group points to the fact that its communication to the Government of
22 February 2012 provided information about the date of birth, usual residence, as well as
dates and different places of detention, and would expect this to be sufficient to identify the
two individuals.
24.
Although the Working Group is grateful for the Government’s cooperation, the
Government has not provided an adequate reply to the information submitted by the source.
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The Working Group regrets that the Government has not provided the requested
information in the present or other cases.1
25.
The source has established a prima facie case that the detention of the two
individuals does not comply with international requirements, and that it constitutes arbitrary
detention. The Working Group has requested the Government to provide it with detailed
information about their current situation and to clarify the legal provisions justifying their
continued detention. In the absence of any further information submitted by the
Government other than referred to above and taken duly into account, the Working Group
must base its opinion on the case as provided by the source. According to its revised
methods of work, the Working Group is in a position to render an opinion on the case on
the basis of the submissions that have been made.
26.
The prohibition of arbitrary detention in article 9 of the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights and article 9 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
extends to all forms of detention, along with the right to an effective remedy in article 8 of
the Declaration and the due process rights in articles 10 and 11 of the Declaration and
article 14 of the Covenant. This also includes instances where detention is used for
“educational purposes”, as underlined by the Human Rights Committee in its general
comment No. 8 (1982) on the right to liberty and security of persons. The proportionality
review which determines whether a restriction on liberty can be justified is strict, and
account is taken of the significant value attached to personal liberty. The measures taken
are subject to criteria of legality and must be suitable, necessary and proportionate.
27.
The Working Group, on the basis of the information submitted to it, notes that in
view of the absence of an adequate governmental response, it appears that Messrs.
Balasingam and Seevaratnam were categorized as surrendees by the Ministry of Defence in
2009 and were initially placed in the Omanthai rehabilitation centre on the basis of
Emergency Regulation No. 22, paragraph 12, in force until 30 August 2011. It also appears
that they were subsequently transferred to Boosa detention centre and then to Colombo
Remand Prison, that they continue to be held in detention and that after more than two
years in detention, they have not yet been charged nor is there any expected date for their
trial.
28.
The Working Group finds that the detention of Messrs. Balasingam and
Seevaratnam runs contrary to article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and
article 9 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which stipulate that no
one may be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention. The detention of Messrs. Balasingam
and Seevaratnam is also inconsistent with article 10 of the Declaration and article 14 of the
Covenant, which state that everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing by an
independent and impartial tribunal. The Working Group holds that indefinite detention of
surrendees in a rehabilitation centre without judicial oversight or review of the lawfulness
of their detention constitutes arbitrary detention in and of itself.
29.
A fundamental aspect of the right not to be arbitrarily detained is the possibility of
contesting the legality of one’s detention. According to article 9, paragraph 4, of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, anyone who is deprived of his liberty
by arrest or detention shall be entitled to take proceedings before a court, in order that that
court may decide without delay on the lawfulness of his detention and order his release if
the detention is not lawful.
30.
In the present case, there has been no oversight or review of the lawfulness of the
detention of these two individuals. Messrs. Balasingam and Seevaratnam have been unable
1 See, inter alia, opinion No. 49/2011 (Sri Lanka), adopted on 2 September 2011.
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to contest the legality of their detention before a competent tribunal; they have not enjoyed
procedural safeguards, such as the right to legal representation, nor were they informed of
the charges against them. They have also not had regular access to their families.
31.
Their detention falls within categories I and III of the arbitrary detention categories
referred to by the Working Group when considering the cases submitted to it.
Disposition
32.
In the light of the foregoing, the Working Group renders the following opinion:
The deprivation of liberty of Pathmanathan Balasingam and Vijiyanthan
Seevaratnam is arbitrary and in contravention of articles 9, 10 and 11 of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights and articles 9 and 14 of the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Their detention falls within categories I and
III of the arbitrary detention categories referred to by the Working Group when
considering the cases submitted to it.
33.
As a result of the opinion rendered, the Working Group requests the Government of
Sri Lanka to take the necessary steps to remedy the situation of Mr. Balasingam and Mr.
Seevaratnam and to bring it into conformity with the standards and principles set forth in
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights.
34.
The Working Group holds that the adequate remedy, under the specific
circumstances of these cases, is to release Mr. Balasingam and Mr. Seevaratnam and to
accord them compensation in accordance with article 9, paragraph 5, of the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
[Adopted on 29 August 2012]